Berechnungen zur Funktionalen Sicherheit
Größen, Formeln und Methoden
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\(\newcommand {\metre }{\mathrm {m}}\)
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\(\newcommand {\katal }{\mathrm {kat}}\)
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\(\newcommand {\deci }{\mathrm {d}}\)
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\(\newcommand {\kg }{\kilo \gram }\)
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1 Einführung
Für alle Arten von technischen Systemen, die bei Fehlfunktionen Schaden verursachen können, muss die Sicherheit nachgewiesen werden, bevor sie in Betrieb genommen oder in Verkehr gebracht werden können. Beispiele sind Werkzeugmaschinen, Roboter, Straßen- oder Schienenfahrzeuge, Flugzeuge oder Kraftwerke. Für diese Systeme kann die Sicherheit in Form von Gefährdungsraten, Ausfallraten oder allgemein Eintrittsraten für bestimmte unerwünschte Ereignisse ausgedrückt werden, welche von Sicherheitsingenieuren berechnet werden müssen.
Daneben gibt es eine weitere Klasse von technischen Systemen, für die eine Sicherheit nachgewiesen werden muss: Systeme, die im Gefahrenfall vor Schaden bewahren sollen. Beispiele sind Brandmelder, Notrufsysteme, Notentlastungsventile oder Notpumpen. Diese Systeme können selbst keinen Schaden verursachen, jedoch kann eine Fehlfunktion im Anforderungsfall den Schaden vergrößern oder erst ermöglichen. Die Sicherheit dieser Systeme ist durch ihre Verfügbarkeit bestimmt, welche ein Mindestmaß erfüllen muss.
In dieser Einführung werden alle für die Beschreibung der Sicherheit relevanten Größen benannt und erklärt, und die mathematischen Zusammenhänge erläutert. Dabei werden insbesondere auch instandhaltbare (oder reparierbare) Komponenten und Systeme intensiv betrachtet. Ebenso werden Methoden der Berechnung vorgestellt, insbesondere die Fehlerbaumanalyse und die Markov-Modellierung. Dabei wird auch auf die mathematischen Hintergründe eingegangen, die für die korrekte Modellierung nach Meinung des Autors unerlässlich sind.